EU Competition Law applicable to liner shipping and seaports

In twenty years, the globalization of trade has led to a change in scale that
has upset the balance of power between the players in online containerized
maritime transport and the logistics chain passing through European seaports.
Three global shipping alliances dominate 90% of online containerized maritime
transport, while further integrating port activities.
Twelve Asian ports, eight of which are Chinese, are now among the top fifteen
in the world. At the same time, Chinese interests, supported by public
authorities and resources, are taking control of terminals and port companies
in Europe, as part of the geopolitical project of the New Silk Roads. This
economic and industrial context is emblematic of the challenges facing
European competition law, which has so far accompanied rather than controlled
these transformations. European competition rules will have to be mobilized in
a global context, alongside the new rules on the control of foreign direct
investment. This study takes stock of the new regulatory challenges in this
sector of prime importance for the Union.